這一期我們來(lái)說(shuō)盧森堡
這個(gè)全球最富有的國(guó)家到底干些啥
和中國(guó)有什么關(guān)系嗎
人類(lèi)發(fā)展指數(shù) HDI:
盧森堡的全名是盧森堡公國(guó) the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
它是歐洲最小的主權(quán)國(guó)家之一,國(guó)土面積只有2586平方公里,還不到上海市的一半,但卻擁有全球最高的名義人均GDP,是中國(guó)的11倍。
它的首都盧森堡市是歐盟的四個(gè)官方首都之一(其余三個(gè)分別為布魯塞爾、法蘭克福和斯特拉斯堡),也是歐盟最高司法機(jī)關(guān)——?dú)W盟法院的所在地。
盧森堡夾在法國(guó)于德國(guó)之間,實(shí)際上是法國(guó)和德國(guó)文化的混合體,而該國(guó)的三種官方語(yǔ)言:法語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)和其國(guó)語(yǔ)盧森堡語(yǔ)就是明證。
The Economy of Luxembourg
盧森堡的經(jīng)濟(jì)在很大程度上依賴于銀行業(yè)、鋼鐵和其他工業(yè)部分,這其中最主要的就是銀行業(yè)。此外,旅游業(yè)也起到了不小作用。
Banking is the largest sector in the Luxembourg economy. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Luxembourg was ranked as having the 18th most competitive financial center in the world, and third most competitive in Europe after London and Zürich. 銀行業(yè)是盧森堡經(jīng)濟(jì)中貢獻(xiàn)最大的部分。在2017年全球金融中心指數(shù)的報(bào)告中,盧森堡被評(píng)為全球第18大最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的金融中心,在歐洲排名第3,僅次于倫敦和蘇黎世。These factors have contributed to a Corruption Perceptions Index of 8.3 and a DAW Index ranking of 10 in 2012; the latter the highest in Europe. The European Investment Bank—the financial institution of the European Union—is also located there.該國(guó)專(zhuān)門(mén)從事跨境資金管理業(yè)務(wù)。由于盧森堡的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)相對(duì)較小,該國(guó)的金融中心主要服務(wù)于國(guó)際。政治穩(wěn)定、溝通順暢、容易進(jìn)入其它歐洲中心、技能嫻熟的多語(yǔ)言員工、銀行的保密傳統(tǒng)和跨境金融專(zhuān)業(yè)技能都推動(dòng)了盧森堡金融業(yè)的發(fā)展。The country has specialised in the cross-border fund administration business. As Luxembourg's domestic market is relatively small, the country's financial centre is predominantly international. Political stability, good communications, easy access to other European centres, skilled multilingual staff, a tradition of banking secrecy and cross-border financial expertise have all contributed to the growth of the financial sector.在2012年的各項(xiàng)指數(shù)報(bào)告中,這些因素使其清廉指數(shù)為8.3,DAW指數(shù)排名第十,而其DAW指數(shù)為歐洲最高。歐盟金融機(jī)構(gòu)——?dú)W洲投資銀行也在盧森堡。
A key event in the economic history of Luxembourg was the 1876 introduction of English metallurgy. The refining process led to the development of the steel industry in Luxembourg and founding of the Arbed company in 1911.盧森堡經(jīng)濟(jì)史上的一個(gè)重要事件就是1876年引入英國(guó)冶金學(xué)。精煉工藝流程促進(jìn)了盧森堡鋼鐵工業(yè)的發(fā)展,并使盧森堡于1911年成立阿爾貝德鋼鐵公司。
The restructuring of the industry and increasing government ownership in Arbed (31%) began as early as 1974. As a result of timely modernization of facilities, cutbacks in production and employment, government assumption of portions of Arbed's debt, and recent cyclical recovery of the international demand for steel, the company is again profitable. Its productivity is among the highest in the world. US markets account for about 6% of Arbed's output. The company specializes in production of large architectural steel beams and specialized value-added products. 早在1974年,盧森堡鋼鐵行業(yè)就開(kāi)始重組,盧森堡政府也開(kāi)始增加在阿爾貝德鋼鐵公司的所有權(quán)(31%)。由于該公司及時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)施現(xiàn)代化,削減了生產(chǎn)和雇傭成本,政府還承擔(dān)了其部分債務(wù),而且最近國(guó)際對(duì)鋼鐵的需求又呈現(xiàn)周期性復(fù)蘇的態(tài)勢(shì),該公司再次實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。它的生產(chǎn)力是全球最高的。阿爾貝德公司有6%的產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)往美國(guó)市場(chǎng)。該公司專(zhuān)門(mén)生產(chǎn)大型建筑鋼梁及專(zhuān)用的增值產(chǎn)品。
Government policies promote the development of Luxembourg as an audiovisual and communications center. Radio-Television-Luxembourg is Europe's premier private radio and television broadcaster. The government-backed Luxembourg satellite company "Société européenne des satellites" (SES) was created in 1986 to install and operate a satellite telecommunications system for transmission of television programs throughout Europe. The first SES Astra satellite, the 16-channel RCA 4000 Astra 1A, was launched by the Ariane Rocket in December 1988. SES presently constitutes the world largest satellite services company in terms of revenue.盧森堡政府的政策支持促進(jìn)了其視聽(tīng)和通信行業(yè)的發(fā)展。盧森堡廣播電視臺(tái)是歐洲首屈一指的民營(yíng)廣播電視臺(tái)。由政府支持的盧森堡衛(wèi)星公司“Société européenne des satellites”(SES)成立于1986年,該公司旨在安裝并運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)衛(wèi)星通信系統(tǒng),以便在整個(gè)歐洲播送電視節(jié)目。1988年12月阿麗亞娜火箭公司發(fā)射了第一顆SES阿斯特拉衛(wèi)星——the 16-channel RCA 4000 Astra 1A(衛(wèi)星名稱(chēng))。從收益上來(lái)講,盧森堡衛(wèi)星公司(SES)目前是全球最大的衛(wèi)星服務(wù)公司。
Tourism is an important component of the national economy, representing about 8.3% of GDP in 2009 and employing some 25,000 people or 11.7% of the working population. Despite the current crisis, the Grand Duchy still welcomes over 900,000 visitors a year who spend an average of 2.5 nights in hotels, hostels or on camping sites. Business travel is flourishing representing 44% of overnight stays in the country and 60% in the capital, up 11% and 25% between 2009 and 2010.旅游業(yè)是盧森堡國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分,2009年約占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的8.3%,約有2.5萬(wàn)人從事旅游業(yè),占盧森堡勞動(dòng)人口的11.7%。盡管目前(全球)處于(經(jīng)濟(jì))危機(jī)之中,但盧森堡公國(guó)一年依然接待了90多萬(wàn)名游客,他們平均在酒店、旅社或露營(yíng)地待兩天半。商務(wù)出行正處于蓬勃發(fā)展中,因商務(wù)出行而留宿盧森堡的旅客比例占44%,其中留宿盧森堡首都的旅客比例占60%,在2009年至2010年間分別增長(zhǎng)了11%和25%。
Luxembourg's small but productive agricultural sector is highly subsidized, mainly by the EU and the government. It employs about 1–3% of the work force. Most farmers are engaged in dairy and meat production. Vineyards in the Moselle Valley annually produce about 15 million litres of dry white wine, most of which is consumed within Luxembourg and also in Germany, France, and Belgium on a lesser scale.盧森堡農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)規(guī)模雖小,但產(chǎn)量高,而且其農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)可以獲得大量補(bǔ)貼,這些補(bǔ)貼主要來(lái)自歐盟和政府。盧森堡約有1%~3%的勞動(dòng)力以農(nóng)業(yè)為生。大多數(shù)農(nóng)民從事乳制品和肉類(lèi)生產(chǎn)。莫塞爾谷的葡萄莊園每年可生產(chǎn)約1500萬(wàn)升干白,其中大部分被盧森堡人消費(fèi)掉了,少量被銷(xiāo)往德國(guó)、法國(guó)和比利時(shí)。
Luxembourg exported steel material, mechanic and electric products to China. Chinese exports to Luxembourg comprise textile, garments, plastic products and toys.
盧森堡向中國(guó)出口鋼材和機(jī)電產(chǎn)品。中國(guó)向盧森堡出口的產(chǎn)品有紡織品、服裝、塑料制品和玩具。China-Luxembourg trade relations have also focused on reducing trade barriers to investments. In March of 2019 Luxembourg signed an agreement with China to cooperate on its Belt and Road Initiative, making it one of only a few Western European nations to do so.中盧貿(mào)易關(guān)系也致力于減少投資貿(mào)易壁壘。2019年3月盧森堡與中國(guó)簽署了開(kāi)展“一帶一路”合作的協(xié)議,成為僅有的幾個(gè)與中國(guó)進(jìn)行“一帶一路”合作的西歐國(guó)家之一。
要說(shuō)盧森堡還有什么,那就是太空探索。
全球最大的衛(wèi)星運(yùn)營(yíng)商(歐洲衛(wèi)星全球公司 SES Global)的創(chuàng)辦地兼總部位于盧森堡的貝茨多夫 Betzdorf。
2016年2月盧森堡政府宣布將通過(guò)為涉足太空開(kāi)發(fā)的公司創(chuàng)建“法律框架”,為其提供管制性激勵(lì),并采取其他措施,以嘗試“啟動(dòng)在太空中開(kāi)采小行星資源的工業(yè)部門(mén)”。到2016年6月,盧森堡政府宣布將“投資逾2億美元用于研究、技術(shù)演示以及直接購(gòu)買(mǎi)遷至盧森堡的公司的股權(quán)”。到2017年4月,三家太空采礦公司在盧森堡設(shè)立了總部。
盧森堡最新通過(guò)的法律于2017年8月生效,它允許私人運(yùn)營(yíng)商在太空中開(kāi)采資源。該法律指出,太空資源可以屬于任何人,而不僅僅是盧森堡公民或公司的?!?/span>